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海洋哺乳类包括哺乳纲的鲸目,海来自牛目及食肉目犬形亚车告四现吃目的部分成员.其中,前两类终生生活于水中,二后问答者除特定时期外也多生活于水中.这三类中,只有少数在淡水中生活,所以通称为海洋哺乳类.这类哺乳动物间没有进化上的直接连系,鲸目源自陆生偶蹄类,海牛目于陆升长鼻类有着**同的祖先,而海豹总科则更接近熊类动物.所有海洋哺乳类都是陆生哺乳类的后裔,它措解弱们出于觅食等需要而进未哪地紧科入大海并适应着海洋环境.除海獭类和北极熊在外形上与其陆生近亲没有显著不同外威层粮假,其它海洋哺乳类的身体结够都有很大变化，它们变得于鱼类形似:具有适于水生的副肢和流线型的身体。海洋哺乳类以整个海洋生态系统为栖地,是重要的环境指示生物.同时,它们的皮(毛),肉,脂等身体分又有这重要的经济价值。自件伤矿概究菜帮亮受出金18世纪以来,以有两种海洋哺乳类:巨海牛和**僧药呢裂余煤志坏海豹因人类活动而灭绝。日本海狮也可能已经绝迹。一些鲸目成圆因人类的乱部而濒临绝境，另一些物种，如白暨豚和加湾鼠豚由于栖地的破坏或误捕而接近灭绝,有于全球边暖及环境污染,北极熊等北极海兽也遇到类似的问题.保护海洋哺乳类已迫在眉睫!!全世界现生的海洋哺乳类**125种,其述三部中鲸目,须鲸亚目15种,齿鲸亚目70种,食肉目,犬形亚目36种,海牛目4种.我国**海洋哺乳类鲸目9科24属35种,食肉目海豹总科2科5属5种,海牛目1科1渐今传帮属1种。海豹总科原为鳍足目,关于它们的分类问题我会在最后作出简述。以下是全球海洋哺乳类的**,其中有*标记的是在七宗刑贵兰告类演市我国境内有记录的种类。世界海洋哺乳类**.I海牛目SIRENI善且赵责球适A.海牛科Trich政值住够垂架echidae加勒比海牛TrichechusmanatusLin识厂住语naeus,1758非洲海牛Trichechussene小增映让galensisLink,1795亚马逊海牛Trichechusi支粮乐肉系**nguis(Natterer,1883).儒艮科Dugongidae...儒艮Dugong**gon(Müller,1776)*巨海牛h**y顺散剧drodamalisgigas(Z运支黄套试服鱼immerman,1780)世界海洋哺乳类**.II鲸目CETACEA.须鲸亚目MYSTICETI..露脊鲸科Balaenidae北大西洋露脊鲸Eubalaenaglacialis(Mülller,1776)北太平洋露脊鲸Eubalaenajaponica(Lacépède,1818)*.批..南露脊鲸Eubalaenaaustralis(De**oulin型来课祖乱着图题特做临s,1882)弓头鲸BlaenamysticetusLinnaeus,1758..小露脊鲸科Neobalaenidae小露脊鲸Capereamarginata(Gray,1846)..灰鲸科Eschrichtiidae灰鲸Eschrichtiusrobustus(Liljeborg,1861)*..须鲸科Balaenopteridae大翅鲸(座头鲸)Megapteranovaeangliae(Borowski,1781)*小须鲸BalaenopteraacutorostrataLacépède,1804*南极小须鲸BalaenopterabonaerensisBurmeister,1867布氏鲸BalaenopterabrydeiOlsen,1913*小布氏鲸BalaenopteraedeniAnderson,1879*塞鲸BalaenopteraborealisLesson,1828*木氏鲸BalaenopteraomuraiWada,OishietYamada,2003长须鲸Balaenopteraphysalus(Linnaeus,1758)*括Balaenopteramusculus(Linnaeus,1758)*世界海洋哺乳类**.III鲸目CETACEA.齿鲸亚目ODONTOCETI..抹香鲸科Physeteridae抹香鲸PhysetermacrocephalusLinnaeus,1758*..小抹香鲸科Kogiidae小抹香鲸Kogiabreviceps(Blainville,1838)*侏抹香鲸Kogiasima(Owen,1866)*..喙鲸科Ziphiidae鹅喙鲸Ziphiusc**irostrtsGCuvier,1823*阿氏贝喙鲸Berardiusar**xiiDuvernoy,1851拜氏贝喙鲸BerardiusbairdiiStejneger,1883*谢氏塔喙鲸Ta**acetusshenpherdiOliver,1837印太喙鲸Indopacetuspacificus(Longman,1926)北大西洋瓶鼻鲸h**yperoodonampullatus(Forster,1770)南瓶鼻鲸h**yperoodonpianifrons(Flower,1882)贺氏中喙鲸Mesoplodonhectori(Gray,1871)特氏中喙鲸MesoplodonmirusTrue,1913杰氏中喙鲸Mesoplodoneuropaeus(Gervais,1855)索氏中喙鲸Mesoplodonbidens(Sowerby,1804)格氏中喙鲸Mesoplodongrayivonh**ast,1876秘鲁中喙鲸Mesoplodonperuvia**sReyes,MeadetVanWaerebeek,1991安氏中喙鲸MesoplodonbowdoiniAnderews,1908巴氏中喙鲸MesoplodonbahamondiReyes,VanWaerebeek,CárdenasetYánez,1996哈氏中喙鲸MesoplodoncarlhubbsiMoore,1963银杏齿中喙鲸MesoplodonginkgodensNishiw**ietKamiya,1958*斯氏中喙鲸MesoplodonstejnegeriTrue,1885长齿中喙鲸Mesoplodonlayardii(Gray,1865)柏氏中喙鲸Mesoplodondensirostris(Blainville,1817)*..恒河豚科Platanistidae恒河豚Platanistagangetica(Roxburgh,1801)..亚河豚科Iniidae亚河豚Iniageoffrensis(Blainville,1817)..白鱀豚科Lipotidae白鱀豚LipotesvexilliferMiller,1918*..弗西豚科Pontoporiidae弗西豚Pontoporiablainvillei(Gervaisetd'Orbigny,1821)..一角鲸科Monodontidae一角鲸MonodonmonocerosLinnaeus,1758白鲸Delphinapterusleucas(Pallas,1776)..海豚科Delphinidae康氏矮海豚Cephalorhynchuscommersonii(Lacépède,1804)智利矮海豚Cephalorhynchuseutropia(Gray,1846)海氏矮海豚Cephalorhynchushe**isidii(Gray,1828)贺氏矮海豚Cephalorhynchushectori(vanBénéden,1881)糙齿海豚Stenobreaanensis(GCuvierinLesson,1828)*大西洋白海豚Sousateuszii(Kükenthal,1892)印度洋白海豚Sousaptumbea(G.Cuvier,1829)*中华白海豚Sousachinensis(Osbeck,1765)*土库海豚Sotaliafluviatilis(GervaisetDeville,1853)瓶鼻海豚Tursiopstruncatus(Montagu,1821)*印度洋瓶鼻海豚Tursiopsa**ncus(Ehrenberg,1833)*热带点斑原海豚Stenellaatte**ata(Gray,1846)*大西洋点斑原海豚Stenellafrontalis(G.Cuvier,1892)飞旋原海豚Stenellalongirostris(Gray,1828)*克莱门原海豚Stenellaclymene(Gray,1850)条纹原海豚Stenellacoeruleoalba(Meyen,1833)*短喙真海豚Delphi**sdelphisLinnaeus,1758*长喙真海豚Delphi**scapensisGray,1828*弗氏海豚LagenodelphishoseiFraser,1956*白喙斑纹海豚Lagenorhynchusalbirostris(Gray,1846)大西洋斑纹海豚Lagenorhynchusacutus(Gray,1828)太平洋斑纹海豚LagenorhynchusobliquidensGill,1865*暗色斑纹海豚Lagenorhynchusobscurus(Gray,1828)皮氏斑纹海豚Lagenorhynchusaustralis(Peale,1848)沙漏斑纹海豚Lagenorhynchuscruciger(QuoyetGaimard,1824)北露脊海豚LissodelphisborealisPeale,1848南露脊海豚Lissodelphisperonii(Lacépède,1804)里氏海豚Grampusgriseus(GCuvier,1812)*瓜头鲸Peponocephalaelectra(Gray,1846)*小虎鲸Feresaatte**ataGray,1874*伪虎鲸Psseudorcacrassidens(Owen,1846)*虎鲸Orci**sorca(Linnaeus,1758)*长肢领航鲸Globicephalamelas(Traill,1809)短肢领航鲸GlobicephalamarrorhynchusGray,1846*伊河海豚Orcaellabrevirostris(OweninGray,1866)..鼠豚科Phocoenidae江豚(新鼠豚)Neophocaenaphocaenoides(G.Cuvier,1829)*港鼠豚Phocoenaphocoena(Linnaeus,1758)加湾鼠豚Phocoenasi**s(NorrisetMcfarlang,1958)棘鳍鼠豚PhocoenaspinipinnisBurmeister,1865眼镜鼠豚PhocoenadioptricaLahille,1912白腰拟鼠豚Phocoenoidesdalli(True,1885)世界海洋哺乳类**.IV食肉目(部分)CARNIVORA(inpart).犬形亚目(部分)CANIFORMIA(inpart)..海豹总科Phocoidea海狮科Otariidae.非澳南海狮Arctocephaluspusillus(Schreder,1775).南极南海狮Arctocephalusgazella(Peters,1875).亚南极南海狮Arctocephalustropicalis(Gray,1872).瓜岛南海狮ArctocephalustownsendiMerriam,1897.胡岛南海狮Arctocephalusphilippii(Peters,1866).澳新南海狮Arctocephalusforsteri(Lesson,1828).南美南海狮Arctocephalusausrtralis(Zimmerman,1783).加岛南海狮Arctocephalusgalapagoensish**eller,1904.北海Callorhi**sursi**s(Linnaeus,1758)*.日本海狮Zalophusjaponicus(Peters,1866).加洲海狮Zalophuscalifornia**s(Lesson,1828).加岛海狮ZalophuswollebaekiSivertsen,1953.北海狮Eumetopiasjubatus(Schreber,1776)*.澳洲新海狮Neophocacinerea(Péron,1816).新西兰海狮Phocarctoshookeri(Gray,1884).南美海狮Otariafl**escens(Shaw,1800)海象科Odobenidae.海象Odobe**sro**arus(Linnaeus,1758)海豹科Phocidae.髯海豹Erignathusbarbatus(Erxleben,1777)*.港海豹Phocavitulina(Linnaeus,1758).斑海豹Phocalargha(Pallas,1881)*.环斑小头海豹Pusahispida(Schreber,1775)*.里海小头海豹Pusacaspica(Gmelin,1788).贝加尔小头海豹Pusasibirica(Gmelin,1788).灰海豹h**alichoerusgrypus(Fabricius,1791).带纹海豹h**istriophocafasciata(Zimmerman,1783).天琴海豹Pagophilusgroenlandicus(Erxleben,1777).冠海豹Cystophoracristata(Erxleben,1777).**僧海豹Monachustropicalis(Gray,1850).地中海僧海豹Monachusmonachus(h**ermann,1779).夏威夷僧海豹MonachusschauinslandiMatschie,1905.南象海豹Miroungaleonina(Linnaeus,1758).北象海豹Miroungaangustirostris(Gill,1866).韦德尔海豹Leptonychotesweddellii(Lesson,1826).罗斯海豹OmmatophocarossiiGray,1844.食蟹海豹Lobodoncarcinophaga(h**ombronetJacquinot,1824).豹形海豹h**ydrurgaleptonyx(Blainville,1820)..熊总科Arctoidea熊科(部分)Ursidae(inpart).北极熊UrsusmaritimusPhipps,1774鼬科(部分)Mustelidae(inpart).海獭Enhydralutris(Linnaeus,1758).海猫獭Lontrafelina(Molina,1782)注:食肉目,海豹总科过去被称做鳍足目,与食肉目相并列,或做为其一亚目而与裂足亚目并列.有些分类学家认为鳍足类是复系的,无耳海豹接近鼬类,而有耳海豹近于熊类,于是将海豹类化为近熊的海狮总科和近鼬的海豹总科.但应用支序分类法后发现,所有海豹类源自**同祖先,但它们是更近于熊类还是更近于鼬类还有争议,不过多数学者认为海豹总科于熊有着姐妹关系,而置于熊亚目中.(McKenna,Bell.1997)
